I presented artwork surveys to own bumble bees at each of one’s seven internet sites inside the same three census attacks while we measured floral capital diversity (twenty eight May so you’re able to 7 Summer, 22-29 June, 22-30 July). For every of the three bumble bee surveys, i visited for each website 3 times, immediately following through the all of three-time periods (0800-1100, 1100-1300, 1300-1700 instances). Most of the testing are achieved to the bright days that have temperatures anywhere between 19 and you may 32°C.

I trapped and you can designated for each and every bumble bee having a small dot of coloured correction fluid for the thorax to avoid relying anyone more than once while in the a sampling months at a webpage. We recorded bumble bee species, status, additionally the plant types on what this new bumble-bee was discovered foraging and you will create brand new bee. I invested 31 minute for each go to during the a couple internet that have an area of ?2,000 m dos , forty five min at several ten,000-m 2 websites, 90 min during the a couple 31,000-m 2 websites, and you may Bolivialainen naiset etsivät aviomiehiä 120 minute within two 70,000-m 2 sites. We looked at to possess a sampling day prejudice having fun with rarefaction (come across Statistical Research)parisons regarding wealth of bees stuck by the hour to financing beliefs otherwise environment sizes eliminated prospective testing big date biases.

We identified bumble bees in the arena having fun with Mitchell (1962) as the a first power; to own definitions out-of regional kinds, we made use of Medler and you can Carney (1963). Hendrix during the University of Iowa. The new bush species was indeed later categorized as local or put so you’re able to get acquainted with whether the bumble bees, which happen to be local, demonstrated choice to own indigenous flowering species.

Statistical Analyses.

We used the log₂ Shannon-Wiener index to calculate bumble bee species diversity using cumulative abundances across all censuses. We also used cumulative abundances of ramets of plant species visited by bumble bees to obtain seasonal totals of available floral resources for each site. Plants included on the list were those from which we captured bumble bees in this and related studies (C. Gienapp, unpublished data). Only rarely did a plant species appear in more than one census, and therefore it is unlikely that the same ramets were counted twice in seasonal abundance measures. We examined plant diversity using the Simpson index rather than the Shannon-Wiener index because the former is less sensitive to rare plant species. These rare species are unlikely to have a strong effect on bumble bee diversity and abundance.

I understood possible predictors away from bumble-bee variety and you can abundance for every single hour using initial effortless regression analyses researching all of them up against the percentage and LRI each and every individual and mutual surroundings varying ( Dining table dos) in the one another five hundred- and you will 700-yards radii and you can web site parameters (variety, variety, and you may thickness out of bumble bee-visited flowering ramets). Landscape predictors indicating relevance, and that chose for additional analyses was in fact LRI of landscape on five-hundred and you may 700 meters (which have and you can without the website) as well as the portion of mutual grasslands in the landscaping ( Desk 2). We made a decision to explore LRI thinking that have and without having any website included to look at this new cousin contributions of flowery types of the latest landscape and you will webpages in itself so you’re able to assortment and you may abundance also the result of your own land and you may website mutual. Significant website predictors have been Simpson assortment, abundance, and you will occurrence out of flowering ramets from plant varieties went along to by the bumble bees.

Voucher specimens out of bumble bees are located in brand new line of Stephen D

I put Pearson unit-second relationship analyses to examine to have collinearity anywhere between potential predictors out-of bumble bee range and you will abundance by the hour ahead of several regression research. Range, abundance, and you can density from flowering ramets on web site were not coordinated for the LRI of the land (that have and you can with no website integrated) at five hundred- otherwise 700-yards radii (all the r 0.16). However, there’s weakened collinearity amongst the site features regarding density and abundance from flowering ramets out-of variety employed by bumble bees (roentgen = 0.668, P = 0.07), and simply one of those a few regional actions off resources is found in virtually any regression design. Throughout patterns, we only use predicators demonstrating no collinearity (P > 0.10).